The tidal tensor is explicitly defined as the negative of the second partial derivatives of the potential: $T_{i j}=-\frac{\partial^2 \phi}{\partial x^2 \partial x^3}$. This is equivalent to stating that the tidal tensor is minus the Hessian matrix of the gravitational potential, since the Hessian matrix $H_{i j}$ is the matrix of second partial derivatives, $H_{i j}=\frac{\partial^2 \phi}{\partial x^2 \partial x^3}$. Furthermore, because the gravitational potential $\phi$ is a smooth function, the order of differentiation can be interchanged (by Clairaut's Theorem), which proves that the tidal tensor is symmetric (i.e., $T_{i j}=T_{j i}$).

Relative questions and answers

<aside> ❓

  1. What is the expression for the tidal tensor in terms of the gravitational potential?
  2. What is the Hessian matrix of the gravitational potential?
  3. Is the gravitational tidal tensor symmetric? </aside>