how pressure and temperature and density and velocity change as a gas flows isentropically through a convergent-divergent nozzle

Comparing the ideal isentropic flow with the non-isentropic flow (featuring a normal shock wave) is that stagnation pressure ( $P_0$ ) loss is the definitive metric for inefficiency in propulsion systems. While isentropic flow assumes an ideal, reversible process where $P_0$ remains perfectly constant, providing the maximum theoretical exit velocity and thrust, the introduction of a normal shock wave in the divergent section of the nozzle initiates a highly irreversible, non-isentropic process. This shock instantly and significantly drops the stagnation pressure ( $P_0 \rightarrow P_{02}$ ), representing a catastrophic loss of available energy that can no longer be converted into kinetic energy. Consequently, the non-isentropic flow slows dramatically from supersonic to subsonic speeds, resulting in a much lower final exit velocity and a substantial reduction in engine performance and thrust, highlighting the essential difference between theoretical potential and real-world performance.

🎬Narrated Video

https://youtu.be/OANfRieTvCI

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🗒️Downloadable Files - Recursive updates

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